Financing NEEDS With Tax Revenues:
Strategies That Make Sense
By
Ikechi Okorie
culled from THIS DAY of June 24, 2004
As part of reform efforts,
developing countries have been under increasing pressure to decentralise their
structures of governance. However, for political decentralisation to make sense,
local autonomy must be hinged upon the ability to generate own revenues for the
provision of the level and quality of services demanded by residents and
businesses.
In his Decentralisation of the Socialist State, Robert Bird argues that "to make
local government meaningful, sub-national governments need adequate locally
controlled revenues".
Inevitably, property tax has been the most important local tax in the developing
world, contributing about 40 per cent of local government finance and 2 percent
of total government revenues. Therefore, strategies to make property tax a more
stable and buoyant source of local revenues is key to sustained local autonomy.
Interestingly, improving property tax revenues has been highlighted as a key
financing strategy under Nigeria's National Economic Empowerment and Development
Strategy (NEEDS). In fact, the NEEDS draft document specifically identifies tax
reforms as a key strategy for meeting the financing requirements of the
programme. By emphasising the improvement in tax collection as a major means of
achieving this goal, the tax reforms under NEEDS can understandably be dubbed a
"collection-led" tax reform strategy.
A critical review of the tax reforms strategy embedded in the NEEDS draft
document highlights two central themes: strengthening the tax collection
mechanism, especially in the areas of oil and gas, personal and property taxes;
and increase in tax rates.
In sum, tax reform under NEEDS is based on modifying tax rates and improving
collection. That these are standard procedures of enhancing tax revenues, which
in turn, is a function of the statutory tax rates, the tax base, and extent of
tax coverage, valuation ratios and finally collection rates, is not in doubt.
However, what is debatable is whether improvement in collection can indeed
provide the kind of quantum increase in tax revenues required to fund NEEDS.
Fortunately, collection-led tax reforms have been tried in many developing
countries and the experiences of these countries can provide great learning
points for the implementers of the programme. The experience of Indonesia
readily comes to mind.
Aptly dubbed a "collection-led" strategy, the Indonesian experience offers
important learning points for most developing countries and certainly Nigeria.
First, not only is Indonesia a developing country, it also is oil-producing and
characterised by multi-ethnic and linguistic cleavages as Nigeria. More
importantly, Indonesia's reform effort was a twin-strategy of not only shoring
up revenues of sub-national governments but also strengthening their autonomy
while promoting sustainable decentralisation and fiscal responsibility. In many
regards, therefore, we can argue that the Indonesian experience is the closest
we can get to ours even though one must remain cautious in making broad
generalisations.
From my experience working on the Indonesian collection-led tax reform model, I
can emphatically assert that such a strategy would not meet the desired
objectives as contained within NEEDS.
The collection-led property tax reform strategy was considered a success story
in Indonesia as tax-related collections accounted for 2.9 per cent; 3.3 per cent
and 4.91 per cent of domestic, tax and non-oil tax revenues. However, while this
effort was supported by such mechanisms as the emphasis on delinquent accounts
with the ancillary need for strong and workable enforcement procedures, the
results cannot be wholly attributable to improved collection efficiency.
In fact, during the reform period 1990/91-2000, collection rates actually
stagnated at 79.6 per cent while coverage rates recorded an increase of 55 per
cent. Thus, if collection rates stagnated and coverage ratios increased by 55
per cent, to what can this increase be attributed to?
The Indonesian experience points to two focal points: First, the reforms focused
on urban properties. The idea was to maximise revenue generation given that (1)
urban properties contributed twice more to the tax base than rural properties;
(2) urban properties accounted for more than four times tax receipts than did
rural properties. Secondly, the reform targeted the mining and forestry
sub-sectors of the economy. This strategy was not only necessary, but also very
successful for a couple of reasons.
(1) These sectors accounted for a substantial part of urban properties; (2)
mining companies all held accounts with the Bank of Indonesia (BOI), thereby
making collection easy via direct debit of these accounts for assessed property
values by the Ministry of Finance; (3) the non-existence of an efficient
judicial and legal system necessary to ensure effective enforcement and
compliance.
Can this strategy be applicable to the Nigerian case? The initial conditions
appear similar. After all, we are all witnesses to the inability of the legal
process to fairly adjudicate matters and protect individual and property rights.
But what is however lacking in our case is the existence of a detailed fiscal
cadastre. Only with a detailed and periodically updated cadastre can we
adequately ensure that all taxable properties are included in the tax rolls. A
regularly updated fiscal cadastre can also facilitate the monitoring of property
values. It is informative at this stage to highlight the fact that concentrating
on collection without adequate attention to coverage and valuation would not
result in any meaningful improvement in property tax revenues.
If the designers of the NEEDS document have done their homework - which I
believe is the case - then they must realise that financing the programme in
part through tax revenues via increases in tax rates and a focus on collection
would certainly not do. Why? There hasn't been a case in which increases in
collection ratios matched by stagnant valuation ratios and low coverage ratios
have led to sustainable increases in tax revenues. What normally occurs is a
rate-driven tax revenue increase. It is my belief that this government would not
want to adopt the socially-controversial rate-driven strategy, given the
recurring tax burdens borne by the citizenry in the name of economic reforms.
Where focus on collection has led to increases in tax revenues, as the
Indonesian experience suggests, it has been characterised by a sophisticated
strategy that highlights a deep understanding of the economy and a focus on the
most buoyant sectors. More importantly, the reform effort has followed a defined
objective while its success has been assessed by the ability to meet stated
objectives.
A valid question at this time would be what are the objectives of the tax reform
effort under NEEDS? Are we particularly interested in generating revenues to
finance NEEDS? Would this narrow focus on collection result in sustainable tax
receipts over the life of the programme: Is this strategy consistent with the
preachments and sermonisations on decentralisation of governance and sustained
autonomy at the local levels of government? These questions are salient in other
not to create conflicting objectives and to give direction to the NEEDS
programme whilst simultaneously providing indicators for assessing performance.
Many tax experts agree with Jay Rosengard's six guidelines for tax reforms in
developing countries. Interestingly, guideline 1 focuses on the purpose of
reform and the need to ensure that reforms guarantee long-term generation of
adequate and discretionary revenues. Notwithstanding that the NEEDS document is
still in its "draft and for discussion purposes only", one cannot but wonder how
its designers intend to meet Rosengard's "long term sustainability test" with a
narrowly focused tax reform strategy.
Given the inadequacies evident in current NEED-induced tax reform plan, this
paper hopes to contribute to the "on-going" consultations on strategies by
proposing that greater attention be given to updating the fiscal cadastre and
improving the valuation rolls as an essential step in guaranteeing sustainable
revenues in the long term. Thus far, the efforts by the FCT Minister, Malam
Nasir El'Rufai in forcing all property owners to register are surely a step in
this direction. Other states and local governments can emulate this step. I
strongly believe that funding agencies would support similar initiatives as the
US$27 million funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank
in support of the Indonesian property tax reform highlights. The cost
effectiveness of these efforts, however, requires a more sophisticated analysis
with a consideration for the time value of money and a simulation of the revenue
effects of the reform process into perpetuity.
Is it realistic and practicable to push for a comprehensive tax reform, given
present resource and capacity constraints? This is hard to tell. Focusing on any
one of the administrative ratios would probably cause the others to lag behind.
Going forward, therefore, reformers must define the goals and objectives of the
reform effort and identify strategies best able to deliver on those objectives.
If reforming property taxes as a means of increasing discretionary revenues is
the goal, then the strategy of improving collection rates must be pursued
simultaneously with either increased coverage or better property valuation. In
the case of Indonesia, valuation was isolated as a major component requiring
improvement. If we choose to walk this route, a major problem will definitely be
how to ensure that properties are valued as close to market rates as possible.
The current self-identification
process, whereby the property owner has the responsibility at first instance, of
identifying, describing and valuing the property; and administration and
collection done on the basis of the information supplied by the owner, is
fraught with incentives to cheat through property undervaluation. To minimise
this, two alternatives quickly come to mind. The first, setting up a public
agency that will serve to verify the information provided on individual
properties - by buying and selling properties. This is however inconsistent with
the more widely accepted slogan of a 'smaller government is better government'.
This strategy allows the public agency to possess information on the real market
values of these properties from being an active participant in the market. Aside
from its public sector expansionary effect, this approach will also require an
active property market as well as general public trust on such public sector-led
market mechanism. Moreover, the fact that the government is involved, albeit
indirectly, reduces the efficient operation of market forces. Furthermore, it is
highly likely that such mechanism will create opportunities for rent seeking.
Alternatively, a market framework mechanism could be developed based on the
following:
1. Initiation of an informational campaign aimed at enlightening the public of
the new system - consistent with Rosengard's guideline #6. Under this process
each property owner would as before fill out the necessary forms that will
supply such information as location of property, type of structure, year of
purchase, area occupied by the property
2. This information is then made public and widely disseminated. The importance
of such information is that it allows interested parties to indicate interest in
the property
3. Interested parties are then allowed to bid for these properties at a price
that must be at least 25 percent higher than the stated price by the owner.
Thus, the owners are guaranteed a premium of 25 percent on their property who
will be notified of the offer in writing.
4. On receipt of the offer notice, properties should have three options: accept;
reject but accept the higher value for tax purposes; or reject but request an
assessment by the local tax office or by a private company
5. Each offer must come with a guarantee or bond equal to some definite
proportion of the offer price. This is to ensure that offers are made in good
faith. Offers not completed over a stipulated period imply that the bond is lost
with a sharing arrangement between the property owners and the government.
The objective of this is to ensure that the self-discovery system is done with
less incentive to cheat. However, this strategy does not represent a substitute
for periodic update of the fiscal cadastre. Furthermore, it does not take into
consideration the political feasibility of such a strategy - especially the
likely tension arising from indirectly forcing property owners to sell. But
there are definite gains. For instance, in Indonesia an improvement in the
average valuation ratio by 21 percent from 59 percent to say 80 percent, given a
fixed tax rate and tax base, would have resulted in a 40 percent increase in tax
receipts. This result indicates the saliency of ensuring that property values
are close to market rates.
As we begin the crucial step of reforming our tax system with the objective of
not only raising discretionary revenues but also ensuring effective
decentralization, it is expected that more emphasis will be placed on increasing
coverage and valuation even if a collection-led strategy might appear reasonable
as a first step. In all, the results of reform efforts and the relevant
performance indicators would always be mixed and will depend on prior
expectations and the basis of such an evaluation. What is however
incontrovertible is that administrative ratios and improvements thereof are
critical focal points if tax reform efforts must meet the long term
sustainability test.
· Okorie writes
from Lagos
